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2021考研英语语法:虚拟语气的应用
虚拟语气,从字面意思我们就能明白,表达的是在一些场合里,当说话者谈到自己的愿望时,主观想像某些事有可能发生时,或建议、要求某些事发生时,而面对却与实际情况相反的情况,就需要借助于虚拟语气来表达他的这些心态。
虚拟从句中最主要的一种就是非真实条件从句,它是用来描述说话人想象的、非真实的情景,这些情景通常是不可能发生的,与客观实际相反的,或发生可能性极小,只表示说是说话人的一种主观愿望、假想和建议等等。我们知道与现在事实相反,if从句的谓语形式用did or were, 主句的谓语形式为would(should, might, could)+do与过去事实相反,从句用had done or had been ,主句则为would(should, might, could)+have done/been与将来事实相反,从句用were to do/should do,主句则用would(should, might, could)+do。举例说来,碧昂丝有首最著名的歌曲《If I were a boy》就是采用的对现在事实的虚拟。
这三种最基本的虚拟语气,其if从句中谓语动词表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间是一致的,即同为现在、过去或将来。可是当二者动作发生的时间不一致时,主句和从句各自的谓语形式要根据它们动作发生的时间按照上述原则作适当调整。常见的混合时间是:从句表示过去,主句表示现在。比如说If I had not studied English, I would never be here to teach you grammar today. 但是这一类型在考验当中并不常见。
而较为常见的类型主要是倒装虚拟句,即省略if的倒装虚拟句,也就是说,当if条件句中有助动词should,had或者were时,则可以省去if,而将should,had或were置于句首。从最简单的Should I win the lottery, I would buy a car. = If I should win the lottery, I would buy a car.在1998年的中也出现过Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.在这个复合句中,had it not been…就存在省略if的情况,原型则为if it had not been, 主句与现在事实相反,从句与过去事实相反。
还有一种较为特殊的虚拟语气,叫做跳层虚拟句,这类型的句子在结构上分为两部分,一部分虚拟而另一部分陈述,且两者间有but, or, or else, otherwise相连。正是因为其兼具虚拟和不虚拟的角色且不断跳动变化,因此得名。He would put on weight, but he doesn’t eat much. In other words, “If he ate much, he would put on weight.”。
2021考研英语语法:冒号的用法
冒号应紧跟它前面的单词,无需空格,但跟后面的单词之间需要空一格。其次,冒号之后的词可用大写字母开头也可用小写字母开头,如果是另一个完整句子的开始,则用大写字母开头如果只是句子的一部分,则用小写字母开头即可。冒号所表示的意思有很多,不同场合用法和意义皆不同,具体来说主要有以下几种:
一、解释说明
例1:The English teacher wants just one thing from us: that we try our best. (英语老师只希望我们做到一点:全力以赴。)
例2:May I offer you a suggestion: don't drive without your seat belts fastened. (给你一个建议:开车一定要系安全带。)
二、承接因果
例1:I turned to look at the children, but there weren't any in sight: they had all run away. (我转过头去看那些孩子,他们却全无踪影:他们都跑光了。)
例2:We found the place easily: your directions were perfect. (我们找到这个地方毫不费力:你的导航太棒了。)
三、举例或罗列
例1:There are only two tragedies in life: one is not getting what one wants, and the other is getting it. (人生的悲剧有两种:一种是得不到自己想要的,一种是得到它。)
例2:For our camping trip, I brought various essential items: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight. (关于露营,我带了各种常备品:一盏灯,一个睡袋,食物,水,还有一个手电筒。)
四、用于引用
例1:The professor said: "It was horrible."(教授说:"这太可怕了。")
例2:In his most famous speech, he said: all men are created equal and must enjoy the equal rights that are given by God. (在他最著名的演讲中,他说:人人生而平等,须享受上帝赋予的平等权利。)
五、隔开正副标题
例1:Web Directory: World and Non-U.S. Economic Data(网络目录:世界与非美国经济数据)
例2:Math Application: Using Calculus to Determine the Age of Rocks (数学应用:利用微积分测定岩石年龄)
六、用于正式信件的称呼后
例1:Dear Mr. Lee: We were very honored to have you come visit our company. (亲爱的李先生,非常荣幸您来我公司参观考察)
七、表示时间
例1:The train is to leave at 4:45 pm. (火车下午4:45开)
八、表示比例
例1:The proportion of men to women is 3:5. (男女比例是3:5)
标点符号的用法千变万化,需要根据不同的语境去判断其表达的不同意思,这就要求我们在平时的阅读中留心注意,多分析、多积累。希望以上冒号用法分析能对大家有用!
2021考研英语语法:动词的现在分词辨析
动词的现在分词形式内容上是动词概念,但是从使用角度来讲,在句子当中往往充当形容词(作定语或宾语补足语)和副词(作状语)的角色。动名词的内容也是动词,使用上往往充当名词(作主语、宾语、同位语和表语等)。
一、作定语
当分词单独作定语时,放在所修饰的名词前(前置定语)如果是分词短语作定语,放在名词后(后置定语)。
【例句】The person talking to Cindy is Kimi.跟Cindy聊天的那个人是Kimi。
二、作表语
【例句】The present situation is inspiring.当前形势一片大好。
三、作宾语补足语
在感官动词和使役动词作谓语时,要加补语进行补充说明,否则句子表达不完整。常见动词有:五看:see, watch, notice, observe, look at三使:make, let, have两听:hear, listen to一感觉:feel,还有find, get, keep, leave, catch等。
【例句】Tom found it interesting to keep Jerry having waited for the whole afternoon.汤姆觉得让杰瑞等了一下午很有趣。
四、作状语
①作时间状语
【例句】(While)Working in the university, he was an outstanding teacher.在大学工作时,他是一名出色的教师。
②作原因状语
【例句】Being a communist, Leifeng was always helping others.雷锋是共产党员,经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语,表示伴随
【例句】Tom stayed at home, cleaning, washing and taking care of the children.汤姆待在家里,又擦又洗还带孩子。
④作条件状语
【例句】(If)Spending the college years in playing Dota, you will waste your valuable time.要是大学时代都花时间打Dota了,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语
【例句】Tom dropped the glasses onto the ground, breaking it into pieces.汤姆把眼睛掉地上了,结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语
【例句】Tom went fishing the other day.几天前汤姆去钓鱼了。
⑦作让步状语
【例句】Though having rained heavily, it cleared up very soon.虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格
【例句】All the railway tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.所有火车票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。
⑨作独立成分
【例句】Generally speaking, boys are less careful.一般说来,男孩子比较粗心。
五、作主语
【例句】Living alone with no friends is difficult.一个人生活没有朋友是很艰难的。
六、作宾语
【例句】Government has to prevent the tourism areas from being polluted.政府须阻止旅游景区被污染。
七、作同位语
【例句】Your habit, drinking a cup of tea after dinner, remains unchanged.你饭后一杯茶的习惯仍未改变。
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