2021考研英语：阅读理解七大考点的辨析

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　　2021考研英语：阅读理解七大考点的辨析

　　一、首末段首末句

　　1) 文章首段首末句往往出“主旨大意题”。因为英语文章的开始往往会采用开门见山的形式提出文章的中心思想。有些时候汇总首段末句出现转折词but，however，yet，则转折后所要表述的内容往往是文章的中心思想，通常成为出题点。

　　例2010-1

　　Of all changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.

　　Q:What would be the best title for the text?

　　[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days

　　[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers

　　[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism

　　[D] Prominent Critics in Memory

　　2) 末段首末句，通常对全文再次作总结，由此也会成为考查点。通常会用一些总结性的标志词如：all in all，in short，to conclude, in consequence, in a word, as a result, therefore, accordingly, thus等引。

　　二、转折词

　　一些明显的转折词包括but，however, yet(位于句首)，though， on the contrary, although/while/in spite of/ despite…等，转折词前后的意思一般来说都是相反的，而作者往往偏重转折处后面的内容。因此，在阅读过程中看到转折词，考生最好能做上标志以便做题时查找。

　　例2008-text3

　　The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing.

　　Q: The text intends to tell us that

　　[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.

　　[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.

　　[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.

　　[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.

　　三、对比和类比处

　　作者也经常会把两个事物、两种观点进行对比，从而论证自己观点的正确性。表示对比的一些标志性词语有in contrast, in comparison, compared with等。特别指出的是，只要文章第一段中出现对照和对比的内容，往往将在下文中进行具体讨论，并在文章最后得出结论，这就是文章的出题点。

　　2008-text1

　　While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.

　　Q: Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?

　　[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.

　　[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.

　　[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.

　　[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.

　　四、举例处

　　1)举例子，句子的作用为了支持作者的观点，出现在段落内这些例子往往成为考题点。一般都带有以下标志性词汇： for example, for instance, take …as an example, as, such as, case, like等。

　　2)列举：指通过一些顺承关系词，如：first, second , third, furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition 等列出事实或者观点。(见下例1997--text3)

　　五、因果关系处

　　因果句通常是作者进行分析和得出结论的地方。英语句子存在前因后果和前果后因，考生一定要弄清楚谁推到谁。出题人为了考查考生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力，经常把因果关系进行颠倒，出现果变成因，因变成果，要注意选项在此处设下的陷阱，注意区分。

　　1)表示原因的标志性词：because, because of , so, for, since, as ,result from, originate from, derive from, base, basis, reason, above all ,after all等。

　　2)结果：thus， therefore， consequently, in consequence, as a result; lead to, attribute to , result ,consequence, result in , cause等

　　例1997-text3

　　First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

　　Q: Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.

　　[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time

　　[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes

　　[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases

　　[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms

　　六、比喻处

　　类比在文中主要有两种方式，一是明喻，而是暗喻。出题人往往考查比喻的引申义，而非字面义，所以出现字面意思的选项都是错误的，例如1997的text1用“多米诺纸牌”指代安乐死法案也会在其他国家通过。

　　七、引用处

　　说明文或者议论文中经常出现他人的观点来支持论证作者的观点或反驳他人的观点，对于引用话一定要分清是正面支持还是用来反驳的。

　　例2003-text2

　　To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.

　　Q:The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to ________.

　　[A] call on scientists to take some actions

　　[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights

　　[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research

　　[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement

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