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高中英语名词用法整理
一、可数名词
可数名词包括单数名词、复数名词和集体名词。这类名词的使用原则是：
1. 单数可数名词从不单独使用，如其前不加冠词或 one’s，就必须改名词单数为复数形式。
2. 复数名词或不可数名词表泛指意义时，其前不得添加任何冠词。
3. many，several，（a） few 之后，或 one of the/one’s 之后绝不能接可数名词的单数形式。
二、可数名词复数的不规则变化形式
1. Negro — Negroes hero — heroes tomato — tomatoes potato — potatoes
zoo — zoos bamboo — bamboos radio — radios piano — pianos
photo — photos
2. knife — knives leaf — leaves loaf — loaves wolf — wolves
wife — wives half — halves thief — thieves
chief — chiefs roof — roofs belief — beliefs gulf — gulfs
handkerchief — handkerchiefs（handkerchieves）
3. goose — geese tooth — teeth
4. man — men woman — women gentleman — gentlemen
Frenchman — Frenchmen policeman — policemen
German — Germans Roman — Romans
5. 单、复数同形的名词 sheep，deer，Swiss，Portuguese，Chinese，Japanese，head（牲畜的头数），means
6. child — children mouse — mice
7. 合成名词的复数构成方式：中心名词变复数。如：passer-by→passers-by， father-in-law→fathers-in-law；无中心名词在词尾变复数。如：grown-up→grown-ups
三、以复数形式使用的名词
总是以复数形式使用的复数名词有：
clothes，trousers，glasses（眼镜），thanks，congratulations，preparations，goods，looks（外表），manners（礼貌），Customs（海关、关税），in high spirits，give regards to，give （one``s） best wishes to
四、表复数意义的名词
这类名词作主语，谓语用复数形式：
例如：cattle，police，people
集体名词
这类名词作主语，强调整体时，谓语动词用单数形式，强调个体及其成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。
例如：class，family，team，group，party，army，enemy，crew，government，company，crowd，committee
五、不可数名词
1.专有名词
单个单词形式的专有名词无复数，不与冠词连用；由普通名词构成的专有名词前用定冠词。
例如： China has a longer history than the United States.
2.学科名词和物质名词
学科名词与物质名词表泛指时，不用冠词。
例如： My brother likes physics while I like chemistry.
3.抽象名词
表泛指意义的抽象名词或用在介词之后的抽象名词，不可数，不与冠词连用。
抽象名词表具体意义或被某一（些）形容词修饰，与不定冠词连用。
Failure is the mother of success.
Dictionary is a great help to many people.
be of （some/much/little/no/great） ＋ 少数几个抽象名词，如 value，help，use，importance 意同“be ＋ 该抽象名词的形容词形式”。
It is said that tomorrow``s meeting is of much importance.
（比较：It is said that tomorrow``s meeting is very important.）
掌握某些名词永不用复数形式，永不与不定冠词 a/an 连用。
fun，luck，news，information，progress，equipment，furniture，practice，advice，clothing，homework，housework，medicine，grass，rice，wealth，health，gold，earth（土），ham，luggage，baggage，money
六、名词的格
1、名词所有格的表达
在有生命的名词后加’s
表示在店铺或在某人家里的名词后加’s
在表示国家、地域、天体、时间、距离、机关团体等无生命名词后也可加’s
This is Mary and Lucy``s classroom.
China``s industry is developing fast.
Is Tom``s mother in the tailor``s or the butcher``s or at Mr. Smith``s？
无生命的名词后接 of ＋名词
有生命的名词在其中心词有较长定语时，用 of ＋名词
The cover of Mr. Smith``s book is dirty.
Have you heard of the story of William Tell and his son？
所有物名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词时，用双重所有格 of one’s ＋名词
中心名词前有指示代词表赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩时，用双重所有格 of one’s ＋名词
A friend of my father``s likes this picture of David``s， too.
Who enjoy that pride of Linda``s？
七、名词作定语
名词作定语，多是脱口而出的与日常生活密切相关的情形。具体如下：
名词作定语，表类别：
woman scientist，man doctor，girl student，boy friend，tea cup，coffee cup，room number，telephone number，history lesson，evening dress，evening school，college student，street light，country life，Nobel Prize，body temperature，animal/plant life， motorcar，school education，car door/window，meeting-room，river bank，tooth-brush， English teacher，winter sleep，government office，church clock，bus driver，air pollution，lunch room
名词作定语表材料、作用、来源、内容：
cloth bag，stone bridge，gas station，bulletin board，shoe shop，book store/shop，
snow mountain，answer sheet，sports field，bamboo pipe，meeting room，diamond necklace， straw hat，peasant boy/family，Chinese medicine
特别留心：
a woman scientisttwo women scientists
a man doctorthree men doctors
a girl studentnine girl students
a boy friend ten boy friends
a goods train the sports shoes
a sales girl the clothes shop/line
a middle-aged woman
a one-eyed man
a six-month-old baby
a ten-storied building
a forty-metre-deep well
a three-legged table
an 80-metre-wide street
a twenty-year-old lady
an 800-word composition
a five-year plan
a thirty-hour trip
a fifty-dollar note/check
八、名词的双重性
特别注意高考热点——部分名词的双重性
1. 抽象名词单独使用或表泛指意义或用在某一固定介宾结构中，是不可数名词；词义的变化，抽象名词具体化，是可数名词。
例如：
life，time，knowledge，sight，pleasure，repair，paper，glass，hair，food，fruit，character，experience，trouble，difficulty，work，help，population，iron 等。
请注意以下各组例句：
Life is hard.
We’re living a happy life under the leadership of the Party.
Time is money.
We had a wonderful time in the party.
Knowledge is power.
A knowledge of English is a must in the 21st century.
He has poor sight because he often reads in the sun.
The sunset is a beautiful sight.
Would you please lend me your bike？
With pleasure.
What a pleasure it is to meet you here again.
It is said that the road is under repair.
It is said that the workers are doing repairs to the road.
Paper is made from wood.
Our monitor is helping our teacher to hand out the papers.
Have you finished your papers on pollution？
Is there anything of interest in today’s papers？
Mirrors are made of glass.
Glasses are made of glass.
Asians have black hair and Europeans have fair hair.
Look！ There are a few white hairs on your head.
A man will die without food for seven days.
That was really a delicious food at the party.
Lu Xun succeeded in creating many characters in his works.
Charlie， how many characters have you learnt so far？
Sports are very useful for training character.
Sun Wukong had plenty of experiences on the way to the west to seek the Bible， so he had rich experience in telling the kind from the bad.
I had great trouble/difficulty in finding your home last year.
Life is full of joys and troubles.
Here is a difficulty for you to get over.
Irons are usually made of iron.
Every means has been tried but none has/have worked.
All means have been tried but none have/has worked.
work： “工作、活儿”不可数名词
“作品、著作、工厂、工程、工事”可数名词
My father still goes to work at 8：00 in the morning while my mother is out of work.
It’s eight o’clock. Let’s get down to work.
This painting of Xu Beihong’s is a valuable work of art.
Lu Xun’s works are popular with many young readers.
The water works supply/supplies fine water to us.
Our army managed to break through the enemy’s defence works.
population： 既可数又不可数
作主语时，谓语动词有时用单数，有时又用复数
“多”与“少”的表达
如何针对“人口”提问
1. 与具体数字连用或被 large，big，small 修饰，是可数名词；指某一国家、地区总人口时，是不可数名词。
India has a population of about one billion.
India is a country with a population of about one billion.
In fifty years， India is likely to have a larger population than China.
2. 指总人口时，谓语动词用单数；指部分人口时，谓语动词用复数。
The population of the United States is about 250 million and about 11﹪ of it are black people.
3. 指“人口多”时，用 large 或 big；指“人口少”时，用 small。
England is a developed country， but its population is very small.
4. What’s the population of… ？
What population does… have？ 均是针对“人口”提问的表达法。
How large/big is the population of…
— What is the population of Russia？
— About 250 million.
2. 专有名词：专有名词一般为不可数，但偶尔也可作可数名词。
例如：
China has a longer history than the United States.
There are four Jacks in our class.